28-611 Issuing or passing a bad check or similar order; penalty; collection procedures. - Nebraska Statutes

28-611. Issuing or passinga bad check or similar order; penalty; collection procedures.(1) Whoever obtains property, services, or present valueof any kind by issuing or passing a check, draft, assignment of funds, orsimilar signed order for the payment of money, knowing that he or she does not havesufficient funds in or credit with the drawee for the payment of the check,draft, assignment of funds, or order in full upon presentation, commits theoffense of issuing a bad check. Issuing a bad check is:(a) A Class III felony if the amount of the check, draft,assignment of funds, or order is one thousand five hundred dollars or more;(b) A Class IV felony if the amount of the check, draft,assignment of funds, or order is five hundred dollars or more, but less thanone thousand five hundred dollars;(c) A Class I misdemeanor if the amount of the check, draft,assignment of funds, or order is two hundred dollars or more,but less than five hundred dollars; and(d) A Class II misdemeanor if the amount of the check, draft,assignment of funds, or order is less than two hundred dollars.(2) Theaggregate amount of any series of checks, drafts, assignments, or orders issuedor passed within a sixty-day period in one county may be used in determiningthe classification of the offense pursuant to subsection (1) of this section, except that checks, drafts,assignments, or orders may not be aggregated into more than one offense.(3) For any second or subsequentoffense under subdivision (1)(c) or (1)(d) of this section, any person sooffending shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.(4) Whoever otherwise issuesor passes a check, draft, assignment of funds, or similar signed order forthe payment of money, knowingthat he or she does not have sufficient funds in or credit with the draweefor the payment of the check, draft, assignment of funds, or order in fullupon its presentation, shall be guilty of a Class II misdemeanor.(5) Any person in violationof this section who makes voluntary restitution to the injured party for thevalue of the check, draft, assignment of funds, or order shall also pay tendollars to the injured party and any reasonable handling fee imposed on theinjured party by a financial institution.(6) In any prosecution for issuing a bad check, the person issuingthe check, draft, assignment of funds, or order shallbe presumed to have known that he or she did not have sufficient funds inor credit with the drawee for the payment of the check, draft, assignmentof funds, or order in full upon presentation if, within thirty days afterissuance of the check, draft, assignment of funds, or order, he or she wasnotified that the drawee refused payment for lack of funds and he or she failedwithin ten days after such notice to make the check, draft, assignment offunds, or order good or, in the absence of such notice, he or she failed tomake the check, draft, assignment of funds, or order good within ten daysafter notice that such check, draft, assignment of funds, or order has beenreturned to the depositor was sent to him or her by the county attorney orhis or her deputy, by United States mail addressed to such person at his orher last-known address. Upon request of the depositor and the payment of tendollars for each check, draft, assignment of funds, or order, the county attorneyor his or her deputy shall be required to mail notice to the person issuingthe check, draft, assignment of funds, or order as provided in this subsection.The ten-dollar payment shall be payable to the county treasurer and creditedto the county general fund. No such payment shall be collected from any countyoffice to which such a check, draft, assignment of funds, or order is issuedin the course of the official duties of the office.(7) Any person convicted ofviolating this section may, in addition to a fine or imprisonment, be orderedto make restitution to the party injured for the value of the check, draft,assignment of funds, or order and to pay ten dollars to the injured partyand any reasonable handling fee imposed on the injured party by a financialinstitution. If the court, in addition to sentencing any person to imprisonmentunder this section, also enters an order of restitution, the time permittedto make such restitution shall not be concurrent with the sentence of imprisonment.(8) The fact that restitutionto the party injured has been made and that ten dollars and any reasonablehandling fee imposed on the injured party by a financial institution havebeen paid to the injured party shall be a mitigating factor in the impositionof punishment for any violation of this section. SourceLaws 1977, LB 38, § 133; Laws 1978, LB 748, § 8; Laws 1983, LB 208, § 1; Laws 1985, LB 445, § 1; Laws 1987, LB 254, § 1; Laws 1992, LB 111, § 3; Laws 2009, LB155, § 15.AnnotationsIn order to violate subsection (3) of this section, an intent to defraud must exist at the time one issues an insufficient-fund check. State v. Hruza, 223 Neb. 837, 394 N.W.2d 643 (1986).The presumption contained in subsection (4) of this section that the drawer of an insufficient-fund check who, after notice, does not make it good knew of the insufficiency when issuing the check is only a permissible inference of fact. State v. Hruza, 223 Neb. 837, 394 N.W.2d 643 (1986).In order for the State to convict under this statute, the State must prove that the check was issued with the intent to defraud, and such intent must occur at the time the check is drawn. The maker of a postdated check will not be guilty of violating this statute when he or she has informed the payee at the time of its delivery that funds in the bank are not adequate to pay the check if presented immediately after issuance. State v. Papillon, 223 Neb. 325, 389 N.W.2d 553 (1986).The essential elements of the crime defined in subsection (1)(a) of this section are the issuance of a check for more than one thousand dollars and obtaining of property of value, with no particular amount required (subject, of course, to the requirement that the act is done with the intent to defraud). State v. Wiley, 219 Neb. 740, 365 N.W.2d 844 (1985).In prosecution under this section, trial court's instruction defining "thing of value" as definition appears in section 28-109(22) was correct. Trial court correctly refused defendant's request for instruction defining value as definition appears in U.C.C. section 3-303 in prosecution under this section. State v. Spaulding, 211 Neb. 575, 319 N.W.2d 449 (1982).The prosecutor may relate the underlying facts upon which the court can find the defendant guilty when a plea of "no contest" has been entered. State v. Johnson, 209 Neb. 308, 307 N.W.2d 525 (1981).By its terms, this section requires proof that one intended to defraud by obtaining property, services, or present value of any kind in exchange for a check or other order, knowing at the time of issuing such check or order that he has no account with the drawee, or, if he has such an account, knowing that he does not have sufficient funds in, or credit with, the drawee for the payment of such check or order in full upon its presentation. State v. Kock, 207 Neb. 731, 300 N.W.2d 824 (1981).In order to warrant the imposition of the enhanced penalties for issuing a bad check under section 28-611(2), R.R.S.1943, prior convictions must have occurred under subdivision (1)(c) or (1)(d) of that statute. Prior convictions under previous "bad check" statutes may not be used to enhance the penalties under the "bad check" statute currently in effect. State v. Suhr, 207 Neb. 553, 300 N.W.2d 25 (1980).