§ 10 - Vermont endangered and threatened species rule - Vermont Statutes

§ 10. Vermont endangered and threatened species rule TITLE 10AConservation and Development 4 APPENDIXCHAPTER 1. GAMESubchapter I. General Provisions

§ 10. Vermont endangered and threatened species rule

1.0 Authority

This rule is adopted pursuant to 10 V.S.A., Chapter 123, § 5402(a), which provides that the Secretary "shall adopt by rule a state-endangered species list and a state threatened species list." Such list "may apply to the whole state or to any part of the state and shall identify the species by its most recently accepted genus and species name."

2.0 Purpose

The purpose of this rule:

(a) Is to identify and list which species of wild plants and animals are considered by the Secretary to be endangered and threatened in Vermont so that they may be protected under the law.

(b) Implements the legislative policy of the enabling statutes (1981, No. 188 (Adj. Sess.), § 1) which provides:

"(a) The state of Vermont recognizes the value, which plants, fish and wildlife in their natural environment have for public enjoyment, ecological balance, and scientific study. The state also recognizes the need for protection and preservation of these species and for encouragement of public understanding regarding the desirability of these protection and preservation efforts.

"(b) By passage of this act, the general assembly intends to declare as state policy; that species of wildlife and wild plants normally occurring within this state which may be found to be threatened or endangered within the state should be accorded protection as necessary to maintain and enhance their numbers; that the state should assist in the protection of species of wildlife and wild plants which are determined to be "threatened' or "endangered' elsewhere pursuant to the federal Endangered Species Act; and that adequate federal funding for the conservation of threatened and endangered species may be made available to the agency of environmental conservation under Public Law 96-366 and other laws.

"(c) The general assembly further intends to allow for the orderly development of the state without undue hardship being caused by the provisions of this act providing for the power of issuing variances."

3.1 Endangered Species are those species whose continued existence as viable components of the state's wild flora or fauna is determined to be in jeopardy.

3.2 Threatened Species are those likely within the foreseeable future to become endangered.

3.3 Secretary is the Secretary of the Agency of Natural Resources except where otherwise specified.

4.0 Procedures

4.1 No person shall take or possess (as defined in 10 V.S.A. § 5401(13) and (14)) an endangered or threatened species, except when exempted as provided for in 10 V.S.A. § 5408.

4.2 Permits per 10 V.S.A. § 5408(a) may be granted by the Secretary only if the taking of an endangered or threatened species is:

4.2.1 For scientific purposes, or

4.2.2 To enhance the propagation of species, or

4.2.3 To prevent or mitigate economic hardship, or

4.2.4 For zoological exhibition, or

4.2.5 For educational purposes, or

4.2.6 For special purpose consistent with the purpose of the Federal Endangered Species Act (see 16 USCA § 1531(b)).

4.3 Permission may be requested for exceptions to requirements pursuant to 10 V.S.A. § 5408, according to the following steps:

4.3.1 The petitioner submits a completed (as determined by the Secretary), written application for a permit to the Secretary, specifying for which purpose(s) the permit is required, as listed in 10 V.S.A. § 5408(a). The application shall include all information deemed necessary by the Secretary to properly evaluate the application, including a description of the possible impacts due to the proposed action, and plan for conservation or mitigation. The fee required by 10 V.S.A § 5408(f), shall accompany the application.

4.3.2 Within 30 days of receipt of the completed application, the Secretary shall inform the petitioner of the decision.

4.3.3 Hearing: The Secretary may defer the decision beyond 30 days if it is deemed necessary by the ESC to conduct a non-adversarial, public hearing in order to properly evaluate the application. Such hearing will be held within 60 days of the receipt of the application.

4.3.3.1 In situations where a petition has been denied and no public hearing has yet been held, the petitioner may request in writing to the Secretary that a hearing be held regarding the proposed activity. The Secretary will conduct a hearing within 30 days of receipt of the request (or within another timeframe to which the petitioner agrees), and provide the petitioner, the ESC (including the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife), and other affected parties 20 days notice prior to holding the hearing.

4.3.3.2 The Secretary shall inform the petitioner of the decision within 20 working days following the closing of the hearing, unless the decision is extended for good cause.

4.3.4 The ESC and/or the Secretary may at any time communicate with the petitioner, to clarify issues or gain information.

4.3.5 The Secretary may require, as part of an issued permit, conditions for the protection and conservation of endangered species, per 10 V.S.A. Section 5403(a) and 10 V.S.A. Section 5408(a).

5.1 The following persons are exempt from provisions of the rule:

5.1.1 One holding a permit from the federal government or any other state to transport members of an endangered or threatened species from a point outside Vermont to another point within or without this state.

5.1.2 One possessing wildlife or wild plants which are not determined to be endangered or threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act where the possessor is able to produce substantial evidence that the wildlife or wild plants were first taken or obtained in a place without violating the law of that place.

5.1.2.1 Owners of commercial nurseries who sell endangered and/or threatened species obtained legally elsewhere or propagated from stock obtained prior to passage of Act 188 in 1981, shall be exempted by a certificate issued by the Secretary, reviewed and approved at the Secretary's discretion. Such certificate shall be issued upon request and satisfactory documentation provided by the nursery owner that the plants were obtained or propagated legally.

5.1.2.2 Any nursery selling endangered or threatened species as described above, shall instruct the purchaser to maintain receipt as proof of legality of possession.

5.1.3 One engaging in normal agricultural or silvicultural practices (the rule shall not cause "undue interference" with such practices).

6.1 The following list of plants and animals is adopted as the Vermont Endangered and Threatened Species List pursuant to 10 V.S.A., Chapter 123. Any changes to the list must be adopted by the Secretary by rule. Changes may be proposed directly by the Secretary upon request by a person in accordance with 3 V.S.A. § 806.

Scientific Name Common Name Status Date Listed*

PLANTS

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)-

PARSLEY FAMILY

Sanicuia canadensis L. Short-styled snakeroot T 1

Taenidia integerrima (L.) DrudeYellow pimpernel T 1

ARACEAE-ARUM FAMILY

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green dragon T 1

ASCLEPIADACEAE-MILK-

WEED FAMILY

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. Blunt-leaved milkweed T 1

Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly-weed T 1

ASPLENIACEAE-SPLEEN-

WORT FAMILY

Asplenium montanum Willd. Mountain spleenwort T 1

Asplenium trichomanes- Green spleenwort T 1

ramosum L.

ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)-

COMPOSITE FAMILY

Eupatorium sessilifolium Sessile-leaved boneset E 4

Helianthus strumosus L. Harsh sunflower T 1

Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt. Hairy lettuce T 5

Omalotheca sylvatica

(L.) Schultz-Bip. & F.W. Woodland cudweed E 4

Schultz

Petasites frigidus var. Sweet coltsfoot T 1

palmatus (Ait.)

Crong.

Polymnia canadensis L. White-flowered leafcup E 5, A

Prenanthes boottii (DC.) Gray Boott's rattlesnake-root E 1

Solidago odora Ait. Sweet goldenrod T 1

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Elm-leaved goldenrod E 4, A

Willd.

BETULACEAE-BIRCH FAMILY

Betula pumila L. Swamp birch E 4

BLECHNACEAE-CHAIN FERN

FAMILY

Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Virginia chain-fern T 1

BORAGINACEAE-BORAGE

FAMILY

Cynoglossum virginianum L. Northern wild camfrey T 1

Ivar. boreale Cooperider

Hackelia deflexa (Wahlenb) Nodding stickseed T 1

Opiz. var. americana (A. Gray)

Fern. & I.M. Johnston

BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)

MUSTARD FAMILY

Arabis drummondii Gray Drummond's rock-cress E 4

Arabis lyrata L. Lyre-leaved rock-cress T 1

Braya humilis (C.A. Mey.) Northern rock-cress T 1

Robins. Draba cana Rydb. Lanceolate cress T 1

Draba glabella Pursh Smooth draba T 1

Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Lake-cress T 1

Greene

BRYACEAE-BRYUM FAMILY

Plagiobryum zierii (Hedw.) A moss E 3

Lindb.

CAESALPINIACEAE-

CAESALPINIA FAMILY

Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin Wild Senna T 1

& Barneby

CAPRIFOLIACEAE-HONEY-

SUCKLE FAMILY

Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. Squashberry T 1

CARYOPHLLACEAE-PINK

FAMILY

Minuartia (Arenaria) marcescens Marcescent sandwort T 1

(Fern.) House

Minuartia (Arenaria) rubella Marble sandwort T 1

(Wahlenb.) Hiern

CISTACEAE-ROCKROSE

FAMILY

Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. Plains frostweed T 1

Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Beach heather E 1

Lechea mucronata Raf. Hairy pinweed E 4

CLUSIACEAE (HYPERICACEAE;

GUTTIFERAE)-ST. JOHN'S-

WORT FAMILY

Hypericum ascyron ait. Great St. John's-wort T 1

CONVOLVULACEAE-

CONVOLULUS FAMILY

Calystegia spithamaeus (L.) Low bindweed T 1

Pursh

CORNACEAE-DOGWOOD

FAMILY

Cornus florida L. Flowering dogwood T 1

CRASSULACEAE-ORPINE

FAMILY

Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. Roseroot T 1

CUPRESSACEAE-CYPRESS

FAMILY

Juniperus horizontalis Moench Creeping juniper T 1

CYPERACEAE-SEDGE

FAMILY

Carex arcta Boott Contracted sedge E 4

Carex atratiformis Britt. Blackish sedge T 1

Carex buxbaumii Walenb. Buxbaum's sedge E 1

Carex capillaris L. Capillary sedge T 1

Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh, Creeping sedge E 4

ex L. f.

Carex foenea Willd. Bronze sedge E 4

Carex garberi Fern. Garber's sedge T 1

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Pale sedge T 1

Carex muehlenbergii Schkuhr Muhlenberg's sedge T 1

ex. Willd.

Carex oligocarpa Willd. Few-fruited sedge E 4

Carex richardsonii R. Br. Richardson's sedge E 1

Carex siccata Dewey Hay sedge E 4

Carex vaginata Tausch Sheathed sedge E 4

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low cyperus E 3

Cyperus houghtonii Torr. Houghton's sedge T 1

Eleocharis pauciflora Few-flowered spike rush T 1

(Lightf.) Link

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Autumn fimbristylis E 4

R. & S.

Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. Capillary beak-rush T 1

Scirpus ancistrochaetus Barbed-bristle bulrush E 4, A

Schuyler

Scirpus verecundus Bashful bulrush E 4, A

DIAPENSIACEAE-DIAPENSIA

FAMILY

Diapensia lapponica L. Diapensia E 1

DRYOPTERIDACEAE-WOOD

FERN FAMILY

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Male Fern T 1

Schott

Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F. Alpine woodsia E 1

Gray

EQUISETACEAE-HORSETAIL

FAMILY

Equisetum palustre L. Marsh horsetail T 1

ERICACEAE-HEALTH FAMILY

Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel T 1

Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry E 5

FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)-

PULSE FAMILY

Astragalus canadensis L. Canadian milk-vetch T 1

Astragalus robbinsii (Oakes) Jessup's milk-vetch E 1

Gray var. je supi Egglst.

& Sheid.

Crotalaria sagittalis L. Rattlebox T 1

Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Large-bracted tick-trefoil E 1

Loud.

Desmondium rotundifolium DC. Prostrate tick-trefoil T 1

Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Beach-pea T 1

Bigelow.

Lathyrus palustris L. Vetchling T 1

Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Hairy bush-clover T 4

Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers. Violet bush-clover T 1

Lupinus perennis L. Wild lupine E 6, A

FAGACEAE-BEECH FAMILY

Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Scrub oak E 4

Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf chinkapin oak E 7

FUMARIACEAE-FUMITORY

FAMILY

Corydalis aurea Wild. Golden corydalis T 1

GENTIANACEAE-GENTIAN

FAMILY

Gentiana andrewsii Griseb. Fringe-top closed gentian T 1

Gentianella amarella (L.) Felwort T 1

Boerner

Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Stiff gentian T 1

Small

HIPPURIDACEAE-MARE'S-TAIL

FAMILY

Hippuris vulgaris Mare's tail E 4

HYDROPHYLLACEAE-

WATERLEAF FAMILY

Hydrophyllum canadense (L.) Broad-leaved waterleaf T 1

ISOETACEAE-QUILLWORT

FAMILY

Isoetes engelmannii A. Br. Engelmann's quillwort T 1

JUNCACEAE-RUSH FAMILY

Juncus greenei Oakes & Greene's rush E 4

Tuckerm.

Juncus militaris Bigelow Soldier rush E 4

Juncus secundus Beauv. ex Poir. Secund rush E 4

Juncus torreyi Coville Torrey's rush E 5

LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)

MINT FAMILY

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Ktze. Yellow giant hyssop T 1

Agastache scrophulariaefolia Purple giant hyssop T 1

(Willd.) Ktze.

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh.) Hairy wood-mint T 1

Benth.

Dracocephalum parviflorum. American dragonhead T 1

Nutt.

Physostegia virginiana Obedience T 1

(L.) Benth.

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Hoary mountain mint E 4

Michx.

LENTIBULARIACEAE-

BLADDERWORT FAMILY

Utricularia resupinata B.D. Northeastern bladderwort T 1

Greene

LILIACEAE-LILY FAMILY

Allium canadense L. Wild garlic T 1

Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Sticky false-asphodel T 1

Baker

LYCOPODIACEAE-CLUBMOSS

FAMILY

Diphasiastrum sitchense Alaskan clubmoss T 1

(Rupr.) Holub

LYGODIACEAE-CLIMBING FERN

FAMILY

Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Climbing fern E 1

Sw.

MELASTOMATACEAE-

MELASTOMA FAMILY

Rhexia virginica L. Virginia meadow-beauty T 1

MONOTROPACEAE-INDIAN PIPE

FAMILY

Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Pinedrops E 4

MORACEAE-MULBERRY

FAMILY

Morus rubra L. Red mulberry T 1

NYMPHACEAE-WATER-LILY

FAMILY

Nymphaea leibergii Morong. Pygmy water-lily E 7

ONAGRACEAE-EVENING PRIM-

ROSE FAMILY

Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Many-fruited E 1

Peter false-loosestrife

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE-ADDER'S-

TONGUE FAMILY

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort E 1

ORCHIDACEAE-ORCHID FAMILY

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Putty-root T 1

Willd.) Torr.

Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa T 1

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Calypso T 1

Corallorhiza odontorhiza Autumn coral-root T 1

(Willd.) Nutt

Cypripedium arietinum R. Br. Ram's head lady's-slipper T 1

Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Small whorled pogonia E 4

Raf.

Isotria verticillata (Muhl. ex Large whorled pogonia T 1

Willd.) Raf.

Liparis lilifolia (L.) L.C. Lily-leaved twayblade T 1

Rich. ex Lindl.

Listera auriculata Wieg. Auricled twayblade E 1

Listera australis Lindl. Southern twayblade E 1

Malaxis brachypode (Gray) White adder's mouth T 1

Fern.

Platanthera (Habenaria) flava Tubercled orchis T 1

(L.) Lindl.

Platanthera (Habenaria) Hookeri Hooker's orchis T 1

(Torr.) Lindl.

Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Three-birds orchid T 1

Rydb.

PINACEAE-PINE FAMILY

Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack pine T 1

POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)-GRASS

FAMILY

Ammophila champlainensis Champlain beach grass E 1

Seymour

Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Bentgrass E 4

Koel ssp. inexpansa (Gray)

C.W. Greene

Glyceria acutiflora Torr. Sharp manna-grass E 4

Hierochloe alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Alpine sweet-grass T 1

Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Slender mountain-rice T 4

Hitchc.

Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Stiff witch-grass E 4

Scribn.

Sphenopholis nitida (Biehler) Shiny wedgegrass E 4

Scribn.

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Blunt spenopholis E 4

Scribn.

Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Rough rush-grass E 1

Kunth

Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. Eight-flowered fescue E 4

POLEMONIACEAE-

POLEMONIUM FAMILY

Polemonium van-bruntiae Britt. Eastern Jacob's ladder T 1

POLYGONACEAE-BUCKWHEAT

FAMILY

Polygonum douglasii Greene Douglas' knotweed E 4

PRIMULACEAE-PRIMROSE

FAMILY

Primula mistassinica Michx. Bird's-eye primrose T 1

PTERIDACEAE-MAIDENHAIR

FERN FAMILY

Adiantum viridimontanum Paris Green Mountain maid- T 5

enhair

PYROLACEAE-WINTERGREEN

FAMILY

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Bog wintergreen T 4

Pyrola minor L. Lesser pyrola E 1

RANUNCULACEAE-

CROWFOOT FAMILY

Anemone multifida Poir. ex Early thimbleweed E 1

Lam.

Hydrastis canadensis L. Golden-seal E 1

Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny buttercup T 4

Britt.

RHAMNACEAE-BUCKTHORN

FAMILY

Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. Prairie red-root E 1

ROSACEAE-ROSE FAMILY

Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. Northern cinquefoil E 4

bipinnatifida (Douglas) T. & G.

Prunus americana Marsh. Wild plum T 1

Rosa acicularis Lindl. Needle-spine rose E 4

RUBIACEAE-MADDER FAMILY

Galium labradoricum Wieg. Bog bedstraw T 1

SALICACEAE-WILLOW FAMILY

Salix plainifolia Pursh Tea-leaved willow T 1

Salix uva-ursi Pursh Bearberry willow E 1

SCHEUCHZIERIACEAE-SCHEUCHZERIA

FAMILY

Scheuchzeria palustria L. Pod-grass T 1

SCROPHULARIACEAE-FIGWORT

FAMILY

Castilleja septentrionalis Northern painted-cup T 1

Lindl.

Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Culver's-root E 1

Farw.

SPARGANIACEAE-BUR-REED

FAMILY

Sparganium nutans L. Lesser bur-reed T 4

SPHAGNACEAE-SPHAGNUM

FAMILY

Sphagnum nitidum Warnst. A peat moss E 3

VALERIANACEAE-VALERIAN

FAMILY

Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Marsh valerian E 1

Rydb.

VIOLACEAE-VIOLET FAMILY

Viola lanceolata L. Lance-leaved violet T 1

XYRIDACEAE-YELLOW-EYED

GRASS FAMILY

Xyris montana H. Ries Yellow-eyed grass T 1

6.3 AMPHIPODS

GAMMARIDAE

Stygobromus borealis Taconic cave amphipod E 5

6.4 INSECTS

CICINDELIDAE-TIGER BEETLE

FAMILY

Cicindela hirticollis Beach-dune tiger beetle T 5

Cicindela marginipennis Cobblestone tiger beetle T 1

Cicindela puritana Puritan tiger beetle T 5

6.5 MOLLUSKS

UNIONIDAE-UNIONOID MUSSEL

FAMILY

Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf wedge mussel E 4, A

Alasmidonta varicosa Brook floater T 5

Anodontoides ferussacianus Cylindrical papershell E 6

Lampsilis ovata Pocketbook E 6

Lasmigona costata Fluted-shell E 6

Ligumia recta Black sand shell E 6, e

Leptodea fragilis Fragile papershell E 6

Margaritifera margaritifera Eastern pearl mussel T 5

Potamilus alatus Pink heelsplitter E 6

Pyganodon grandis Giant floater T 6

6.6 FISH

ACIPENSERIDAE-STURGEON

FAMILY

Acipenser fulvescens Lake sturgeon E 1

ICTALURIDAE - BULLHEAD

CATFISH FAMILY

Noturus flavus Stonecat E 5

PERCIDAE-PERCH FAMILY

Ammocrypta pellucida Eastern sand darter T 1

Percina copelandi Channel darter E 6

PETROMYZONTIDAE-LAMPREY

FAMILY

Ichthyomyzon fosser Northern brook lamprey E 4, A

Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey T 1

6.7 AMPHIBIANS

HYLIDAE-TREEFROG FAMILY

Pseudacris triseriata Striped chorus frog E 1

6.8 REPTILES

EMYDIDAE-BOX AND WATER

TURTLE FAMILY

Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle E 6, c

SCINCIDAE-SKINK FAMILY

Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined skink E 1

TRONYCHIDAE-SOFTSHELL

TURTLE FAMILY

Apalone spinifera Spiny softshell T 1

COLUMBRIDAE-COLUBRID

SNAKE FAMILY

Coluber constrictor Eastern racer T 7

Elaphe obsolete Eastern ratsnake T 7

VIPERIDAE-VIPER FAMILY

Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake E 1

6.9 BIRDS

ACCIPITRIDAE-HAWK AND

EAGLE FAMILY

Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle E 1

FRINGILLIDAE-GROSBEAK,

FINCH, SPARROW AND BUNT-

ING FAMILY

Ammodramus henslowii Henslow's sparrow E 1

Ammodramus savannarun Grasshopper sparrow T 6

LANIIDAE-SHRIKE FAMILY

Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead shrike E 1

LARIDAE-GULL AND TERN

FAMILY

Chlidonias niger Black tern T 5

Sterna hirindo Commom tern E 2, A

SCOLOPACIDAE-SANDPIPER

AND PHALAROPE FAMILY

Bartramia longicauda Upland sandpiper T 1

TETRAONIDAE-GROUSE FAMILY

Falcipennis canadensis Spruce grouse E 2

TROGLODYTIDAE-WREN FAMILY

Cistothorus platensis Sedge wren E 6, A

6.10 MAMMALS

FELIDAE-CAT FAMILY

Felis concolor cougar Eastern mountain lion E 1

Lynx canadensis Lynx E 1

MUSTELIDAE-MUSTELID FAMILY

Martes americana Marten E 1

VESPERTILIONIDAE-VESPER-

TILIONID BAT FAMILY

Myotis leibii Small-footed bat T 1

Myotis sidalis Indiana bat E 1

___________

*Date listed:

1 = 04-13-87

2 = 07-30-88

3 = 06-23-89

4 = 11-09-91

5 = 12-07-94

6 = 03-18-99

7 = 04-23-05

A = listed as threaten on 04-13-87

B = listed as threaten on 12-07-94

C = listed as threaten on 06-23-89

E = listed as threaten on 12-07-94

(1989, Regulation of the Secretary Agency of Natural Resources, eff. June 23, 1989; amended 1991, Regulation of the Secretary of Agency of Natural Resources, eff. Nov. 9, 1991; amended 1995, Regulation of the Secretary of Agency of Natural Resources, eff. Dec. 7, 1994; amended 1999, Regulation of the Secretary of Agency of Natural Resources, eff. Mar. 18, 1999; 2005 Regulation of the Secretary of Agency of Natural Resources, eff. April 28, 2005.)